MATERI TKA BAHASA INGGRIS

TES KEMAMPUAN AKADEMIK (TKA) BAHASA INGGRIS

A. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is a type of writig that tells the specific infornmation about something or someone. The pourpose is to creat the vivid and detailed picture in the reader's mind, making them feel like they are seeing or experiencing what you are describing.

1. Generic Structure

• Identification: Introducing the subject (what or who is being described?).

Example: "My laptop is a crucial tool for my work. It's a sleek, silver HP Pavilion that I use every day for graphic design."

• Description: The details and characteristics of the subject. Using five senses ((sight, sound, smell, taste, touch) to provide a rich description.

As described: physical appearance, nature or character, impression or feeling, function or habit, and atmosphere or environment.

2. Linguistic Features

• Using Present Simple: fact and general condition

Example: One of the most popular places in Jogja is Malioboro Street.

Note: Do not use past tense (like "was", "had", "verb + d/ed") unless you are explaining something that no longer exists or is no longer relevant.

• Using Adjective: explain shape, color, size, taste, sound, etc

Example: A large, delicious beef steak

• Using Relating Verb: link a subject to descriptive information or attributes about it. Common examples include forms of "to be" (is, are, was), "to have" (have, has, had), and sensory verbs like "seem," "appear," "feel," "look," "smell," "sound," and "taste"

Example: The flower smells sweet.

• Using Figurative Language: Simile (using "like" or "as") or metaphor

Example: His eyes are stars in the dark

B. RECOUNT TEXT

A recount text is a written work that tells the reader what happened in the past. Its main purpose is to retell events or experiences in the order in which they occurred.

1. Generic Structure

• Orientation: It introduces the setting and participants (who, where, when)

Example: Last holiday i went to Jogja. We spent three days there and visited many interesting places.

• Event: It retells the events in chronological order.

Example: "On the first day, we visited Malioboro Street. It was very crowded, but I enjoyed shopping there. On the second day, we went to Prambanan Temple. I took many pictures. Then, we tried some traditional foods like gudeg and bakpia"

• Reorientation: It summarizes the experience, provides a personal comment or feeling about the events, or wraps up the story.

Example: It was fun and unforgettable holiday. I hope I can go back to Jogja someday.

2. Linguistic Features

• Using Past Tense:

Example: We visited Borobudur last week.

• Using Action Verb:

Example: I walked around the temple and took some photos

• Using Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases: These words or phrases tell us when, where, or how the events happened

Example: Last week we went to Magelang by bus. We arrived there quickly and efficiently.

• Using Conjunctions and Time Connectors: Use these words to link events and show the sequence.

Example: First, we packed our bags. Then we drove to the bus station.

C. NARRATIVE TEXT

A type of text that tells story or describe a sequence of events. The purpose is to entertain the reader, or change people's thought and attitude.

1. Generic Structure

• Orientation: Introduction, it's answer the question 'who', 'where', 'when'.

Example: "Once upon a time, there was a poor farmer who lived in a small village with his daughter" 

• Complication: The problem or conflict in the story appears.

Example: "One day, a dragon came and demanded that the villagers gave him food every day. The farmer's daughter was chosen ad the next sacrifice"

• Resolution: The problem is solved.

Example: "But, before the dragon could take her, a brave young knight came fought the dragon. He saved the girl and the village"

• Re-orientation/Coda: Gives a moral lesson or a final thought from the author.

Example: "Since the day, the village lived in peace, and the knight married farmer's daughter"

2. Linguistic Features

• Using Past Tense: past event

Example: "He walked into the forest"

• Using Action Verb: the character's actions

Example: "The knight fought the dragon"

• Using Time Connectives / Temporal Conjunctions: connecting the events

Example: 'Then', 'after that', 'one day', 'finally', 'before', 'when', etc.

• Using Specific Characters and Setting: describe the character and setting

Example: "Cinderella, a poor girl who lived with her wicked stepmother"

• Using Direct Speech: dialog between the characters

Example: "Please help me," said Cinderella inside the house.

• Using Adjectives and Adverb

Example: "A brave warrior run quickly into the dark forest"

D. PROCEDURE TEXT

A type of text that gives instructions on how to do something. Its purpose is to guide the reader through a series of steps to achieve a specific goal.

1. Generic Structure

• Goal/Aim: the purpose of the text

Example: "How to operate new Iphone 26"

• Materials/Ingredients: List of the tools, equipments, ingredients needed to complete the procedure.

Example: " A unit of Iphone 26"

• Steps/Methods: the sequence of actions

Example: "Press the power button until it shows the white screen"

2. Linguistic Features

• Using Imperative Sentences: instruction or order

Example: "Swipe the screen to show the menu"

• Using Temporal Conjunction: time connectives

Example: 'First', 'then', 'next', 'after that', etc.

• Using Action Verbs: real action

Example: 'Press', 'cut', 'swipe', 'turn on', etc.

• Using Adverbial Phrases: provide more detail about how the action should be performed.

Example: "... for five minutes", "... until the screen shows the logo"

• Using Present Tense: the instructions are general facts.

E. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

A type of text that presents a writer's point of view about an issue. Its main purpose is to persuade the reader that a particular idea or argument is important and should be considered.

1. General Structure

• Thesis: Introduces the topic and states the writer's main argument or point of view.

Example: "Learning English is crucial for students today because it opens up more career opportunities."

• Arguments: Each paragraph presents a specific point or argument to support the thesis.

Example: "Firstly, English is the global language of business. Many multinational companies require employees to have strong English skills... Secondly, English provides access to a vast amount of information..."

• Reiteration: It summarizes the arguments and restates the thesis in a new way to reinforce the writer's position.

Example: "In conclusion, based on the arguments about career and information access, it's clear that mastering English is an essential skill for modern students to succeed."

2. Linguistic Features:

• Simple Present Tense: General facts that still apply

Example: "Education builds a better future"

• Relational Processes: Explaining and stating something, not showing action ('is', 'are', 'becomes', 'seems', 'appears', etc.)

Example: "The internet is an essential part of modern education"

• Connective or Internal Conjunction: Words and phrases that link ideas and arguments logically ('firstly', 'secondly', 'moreover', 'however', 'therefore', etc.)

Example: "Firstly, homework helps stufents understand the lesson better."

• Emotive or Evaluative Words: Words that show the writer's opinion or evaluation ('important', 'dangerous', 'serious', beneficial', etc.)

Example: "It is important to learn English for all students."

• Modal Verbs: express a degree of certainty or possibility ('must', 'will', 'might', 'should', 'can', etc.)

Example: "Teachers should take action to improve students' English skills."